Powering a Just Transition: Aligning Energy Policy and Identfying Stakeholder Roles with Indonesia’s Net-Zero and Sustainable Development Commitments

Abstract

Achieving Net Zero Emissions (NZE) by 2060 or earlier represents Indonesia’s long-term climate commitment, supported by several strategic policy instruments, including the Second Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), the National Electricity General Plan (RUKN), and the Electricity Supply Business Plan (RUPTL). Although these documents operate at different policy levels and planning horizons, they collectively demonstrate consistent alignment in accelerating national decarbonization and establishing a structured energy transition framework. However, the effectiveness of their implementation depends heavily on coordination among diverse stakeholders with varying mandates, interests, and degrees of influence across government, industry, and society. This study aims to assess the coherence and implementation readiness of the NDC, RUKN, and RUPTL using a PESTLE analytical framework combined with stakeholder dynamics mapping to identify institutional, regulatory, technological, economic, and social factors shaping Indonesia’s energy transition pathway toward NZE. The findings reveal that, despite strategic alignment across the three policies, substantial gaps remain in regulatory integration, investment clarity, and inter-agency coordination, which may hinder the acceleration of clean energy development. The analysis further highlights the critical roles of key actors such as PLN(Indonesia State Electricity Corporation), technical ministries, investors, local governments, and communities in operationalizing these policies at both national and subnational levels. By integrating policy coherence assessment with stakeholder analysis, this study provides a comprehensive understanding of strategic opportunities and systemic barriers while underscoring Indonesia’s energy climate architecture contribution to SDG 7, SDG 8, SDG 9, SDG 10, and SDG 13. The results offer practical recommendations for policymakers to strengthen cross-sectoral integration and develop a more inclusive, coordinated, and sustainable   decarbonization strategy.