Journal of Technology and Policy in Energy and Electric Power
The Journal of Technology and Policy in Energy and Electric Power is the first journal established by PT PLN (Persero) - Research and Development Center for Electricity as a platform for publishing scientific works by internal and external researchers and academics of PT PLN (Persero). To facilitate the processes of submission, manuscript editing, peer review, publication, and journal certification, a dedicated platform is essential. One widely used journal management platform is the Open Journal System (OJS). OJS is an open-source, web-based application designed for managing journals online and has been utilized by numerous national and international journals to enhance user convenience. Papers should be written in Indonesian or English with topics including power generation, transmission, distribution, primary energy, new energy, renewable energy, management, and business. All papers published in the "Journal of Technology and Policy in Energy and Electric Power" are selected through a double-blind review process by the editorial board. Authors are given the opportunity to revise or improve their papers according to the review results. The Journal of Technology and Policy in Energy and Electric Power is published twice times a year in June & December. Our publication will contribute towards new exploration of knowledge and state-of-the-art technology for scholars and industrial professionals in these fields. The journal registered in the CrossRef with Digital Object Identifier (DOI) prefix: 10.33322
PT. PLN (Persero) Pusat Penelitan dan Pengembangan Ketenagallistrikan (Research Institute)
Economic and Socio-Environmental Benefits of Utilizing Existing Reservoirs for Brownfield Pumped Storage Development in Indonesia
Pumped storage hydropower (PSH) is a critical technology for supporting renewable energy integration and long-duration energy storage. In Indonesia, where numerous multipurpose reservoirs already exist, brownfield PSH—developed by reusing an existing lower reservoir—offers a promising alternative to conventional greenfield construction. This study evaluates the economic and socio-environmental benefits of brownfield PSH using the Upper Cisokan Pumped Storage (UCPS) project as a representative reference case. A two-stage methodology is applied, consisting of a global literature review and a quantitative economic assessment based on engineering and cost data from the UCPS Project Appraisal Document. The analysis demonstrates that brownfield PSH significantly reduces new land disturbance, environmental impacts, and social disruption by eliminating the need for a new lower reservoir. Using the Height × Area method to allocate dam construction costs, the avoided lower-dam civil works amount to US$90.14 million. Reuse of an existing reservoir also reduces land acquisition and resettlement requirements, yielding an additional saving of US$56.9 million. Furthermore, removing the lower-dam construction shortens the critical-path schedule by 18 months, resulting in US$33.36 million in avoided indirect EPC costs and US$8.98 million in reduced interest during construction. In total, brownfield development provides an estimated economic benefit of US$189.38 million, equivalent to approximately 25% of total project cost. Beyond economic gains, brownfield PSH yields substantial socio-environmental advantages, including reduced habitat loss, fewer resettlement pressures, lower permitting risk, and minimal riverine impacts due to closed-loop configurations. These findings highlight the strong potential of reservoir-based brownfield PSH as a sustainable and cost-effective pathway for advancing Indonesia’s energy-storage infrastructure.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rechman Sinurat https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Powering a Just Transition: Aligning Energy Policy and Identfying Stakeholder Roles with Indonesia’s Net-Zero and Sustainable Development Commitments
Achieving Net Zero Emissions (NZE) by 2060 or earlier represents Indonesia’s long-term climate commitment, supported by several strategic policy instruments, including the Second Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), the National Electricity General Plan (RUKN), and the Electricity Supply Business Plan (RUPTL). Although these documents operate at different policy levels and planning horizons, they collectively demonstrate consistent alignment in accelerating national decarbonization and establishing a structured energy transition framework. However, the effectiveness of their implementation depends heavily on coordination among diverse stakeholders with varying mandates, interests, and degrees of influence across government, industry, and society. This study aims to assess the coherence and implementation readiness of the NDC, RUKN, and RUPTL using a PESTLE analytical framework combined with stakeholder dynamics mapping to identify institutional, regulatory, technological, economic, and social factors shaping Indonesia’s energy transition pathway toward NZE. The findings reveal that, despite strategic alignment across the three policies, substantial gaps remain in regulatory integration, investment clarity, and inter-agency coordination, which may hinder the acceleration of clean energy development. The analysis further highlights the critical roles of key actors such as PLN(Indonesia State Electricity Corporation), technical ministries, investors, local governments, and communities in operationalizing these policies at both national and subnational levels. By integrating policy coherence assessment with stakeholder analysis, this study provides a comprehensive understanding of strategic opportunities and systemic barriers while underscoring Indonesia’s energy climate architecture contribution to SDG 7, SDG 8, SDG 9, SDG 10, and SDG 13. The results offer practical recommendations for policymakers to strengthen cross-sectoral integration and develop a more inclusive, coordinated, and sustainable decarbonization strategy.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ryan Ahmed Maulana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Improving the Interpretation of Electricity Access in Indonesia Through the Multi-Tier Framework Access Index
Indonesia’s national electrification ratio has long relied on a binary classification—whether or not a household is connected to an electricity source. While this metric is valuable for monitoring progress in expanding grid coverage, it does not fully reflect the quality and usability of electricity services delivered to communities. Important aspects such as reliability, power capacity, affordability, and the adequacy of electricity for household, productivity, and community activities remain unaccounted for. To complement this traditional indicator, this study applies the Multi-Tier Framework (MTF) developed by ESMAP–World Bank as an enhanced assessment tool. Rather than replacing the Electrification Ratio, the MTF provides additional layers of insight by evaluating seven dimensions of household electricity access, along with extended attributes for productive uses and community infrastructure. Field assessments were carried out in various on-grid and off-grid areas across Indonesia, including locations utilizing SuperSUN systems and villages supplied through the national grid. Findings reveal that although all surveyed locations are officially classified as “electrified,” their actual service levels differ substantially—especially in power capacity, affordability, and reliability. These variations demonstrate the value of integrating MTF-based analysis alongside the national electrification ratio to generate a more holistic, quality-focused understanding of energy access. Furthermore, the MTF framework offers a structured approach for identifying areas requiring improvement, enabling PLN and other stakeholders to design interventions that are more targeted, equitable, and aligned with the real experiences of communities across Indonesia.
electricity access, electrification ratio, Multi-Tier Framework (MTF), energy quality, affordability, power capacity, reliability, household energy access, productive uses, community infrastructure, Indonesia, SuperSUN, on-grid electrification, off-grid systems, energy assessment
Copyright (c) 2025 Luddie Wied Hardono, Jonathan Martin Marojahan Limbong, Surya Ibrahim Irsyam https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ARIMA-Based Forecasting of Biogas Power Plant (BPP) Electricity Production and Mitigating 20 kV Voltage Drop through On-Grid PV System Implementation. Study Case : PT. SGM Biogas Power Plant
bstract: The integration of Distributed Generation (DG) units, particularly Biogas Power Plants (BPPs), into a Medium Voltage (MV) (20 kV) distribution network presents operational challenges primarily due to inherent fluctuations in energy production. These fluctuations, driven by variations in biogas production or other environmental factors, can significantly impact the stability of the distribution network, potentially causing unwanted voltage drops. This study addresses this critical issue by developing robust forecasting and mitigation strategies. First, an Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model is used to forecast the short-term (24 hours ahead) electrical energy output of a BPP using high-resolution historical data (hourly readings for the past three months). The forecasting process is performed using R Studio and an ARIMA(5,0,2) model is obtained. This model shows an accuracy (1-MAPE) of 95.549% (with a MAPE of 4.450851%), indicating the model's suitability for use in forecasting. Second, the forecasted energy output was integrated into a network simulation using PSS SINCAL to assess its impact on the 20 kV voltage profile. The simulation showed that during the minimum supply period predicted by the BPP, the voltage at the far end of the network dropped critically to 16.56 kV, far below the acceptable limit. To mitigate this voltage drop, an on-grid Photovoltaic (PV) system was proposed as an additional power source. This PV system design was simulated using PVsyst to determine the optimal capacity and configuration. The PV system was designed with a capacity of 500 kWp. Finally, the proposed PV system was modeled in PSS SINCAL, and the network was re-evaluated. The simulation results showed that the integration of the 500 kWp PV system successfully increased the minimum end-of-the-grid voltage to 19 kV, effectively demonstrating a feasible solution to improve voltage stability. This study provides a practical multi-software approach to managing DG source variability and ensuring power quality in modern distribution systems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Pramudya Nur Perdana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Web-Based Smart Real-Time Motor Control Center (MCC) Monitoring and Analytics System for Early Detection of Motor Anomalies in Muara Karang Power Plant
This study proposes a comprehensive web-based real-time monitoring and analytics framework for 380V Motor Control Center (MCC) assets at PLTGU Block 1 Muara Karang, addressing the challenge of early identification of motor performance degradation under variable operational conditions. The system integrates a multi-layer architecture comprising sensor-level data acquisition, a real-time processing pipeline, and an analytics layer incorporating statistical modelling, multivariate trend assessment, and anomaly scoring algorithms. An Early Warning System (EWS) is implemented using hybrid rule-based and data-driven thresholds, enabling automated detection of abnormal operating patterns. A historical knowledge engine supports Work Planning and Control (WPC) by modeling temporal degradation signatures, enabling structured diagnostic interpretation and follow-up maintenance actions. The framework further incorporates an event-streaming notification mechanism through Telegram API for low-latency dissemination of contextualized alerts. Validation under field operation demonstrates successful detection of early-stage faults, including a bearing defect in motor 88BT GT1.2 identified before crossing critical failure limits. These interventions prevented unit trips and reduced risk of cascading failures. Experimental results indicate improvements in detection accuracy, diagnostic efficiency, and operational reliability. The proposed framework exhibits strong scalability potential for fleet-wide deployment across PLN’s induction motor systems.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jasmine Aulia, ST, Ir. Prisma Riashuda Prakosa, ST https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Optimizing PC Boiler Efficiency with Modified Combustion Tuning: Rembang CFPP Case Study
Indonesia's energy supply is dominated by coal-fired power plants (CFPPs) because of its low cost of electricity. These power plants are essential for supporting base load and spinning reserves to compensate for the increasing renewable energy use, but their environmental effects are receiving increasing attention. A comparative analysis between the previous combustion tuning method and the newly proposed method for coal-fired power plants (CFPPs) with pulverized coal (PC) boiler indicated that the new method demonstrates greater effectiveness, evidenced by its higher deviation values of the boiler efficiency. The adoption of three new measurement techniques—coal fineness, coal flow balancing, and flue gas distribution—has improved measurement accuracy. However, some limitations remain due to equipment constraints related to the adjustment of classifier and orifice openings. This innovative method shows promise for a wider application across CFPPs with similar pulverized coal (PC) boiler technology, positioning portable tuning tools as a strategic option to enhance plant efficiency through planned maintenance activities. A new proposed method was able to improve the boiler efficiency by 0.15% based on the deviation of the before-after tuning. Ultimately, optimizing CFPP efficiency is essential not only for economic benefits but also for advancing sustainable energy practices. This improved combustion tuning approach can play a key role in balancing environmental responsibility with the demand for reliable energy production and supporting the Indonesian energy transition vision.
Copyright (c) 2026 Firza Zulmi Rhamadhan, Sudaryono, Arina Pramudita, Tito Aziz Arifiyanto, Arief Wicaksono, Dwi Wahyu Pujiarto, Ardi Nugroho, Suatmi Murnani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Reconfiguration and Modernization Of Island Grid: A Study of The Bunaken Solar Power Plant System
To increase the renewable energy mix and reduce the cost of electricity in the archipelago, reconfiguration and modernization of the island solar power plant system are presented as an innovative solution. This study aims to re-optimize the performance of the Bunaken solar power plant with a capacity of 335 kWp, which has been derating since 2013. The reconfiguration was carried out by mapping 1,344 PV modules, identifying 162 modules with voltages below 30 VDC, and rearranging them into 42 strings to optimize the array voltage. Furthermore, the system topology was changed from DC coupling to AC coupling to increase retrofit flexibility and support future system expansion. Then, the system was also modernized with real-time monitoring based on ESP32, MQTT, and Grafana for ease of maintenance and operational efficiency. The implementation of the study was also followed by testing the hybrid operation pattern of the solar power plant and diesel power plant. From the results of the application, the solar power plant operates stably and has produced green kWh from solar PV. The results demonstrated operation mode and optimalization of the existing assets of solar PV. This study demonstrated improved system reliability, ease of maintenance, efficiency, and potential for implementation on other islands.
Copyright (c) 2026 Firza Zulmi Rhamadhan, Harry Sukma, Ardi Nugroho https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Technical Evaluation of Fly Ash and Bottom Ash (FABA) Utilization for Acid Mine Drainage Mitigation in Coal Mining Operations
Acid mine drainage (AMD) continues to represent a long-term, technically complex environmental risk in coal mining operations, especially where waste streams are dominated by sulfide-rich, Potentially Acid Forming (PAF) materials. This study critically evaluates fly ash and bottom ash (FABA), a widely available by-product of coal-fired power plants, as an integrated geochemical–geotechnical amendment for AMD control. A multi-tier analytical approach is applied, combining static geochemical characterization, extended kinetic leaching tests, and decadal-scale hydrogeochemical modeling to capture both short-term reactivity and long-term system behavior. The results show that the relatively high CaO content in FABA (18–25%) generates persistent alkalinity via Ca(OH)₂ dissolution, enabling rapid neutralization of acidic leachates and promoting the precipitation of Fe, Mn, and Al as thermodynamically stable hydroxide phases. Incorporating 20–30% FABA into PAF material produced near-neutral pH conditions within 10–20 weeks and yielded more than 80% reductions in dissolved metal concentrations. Hydrogeochemical simulations further indicate that FABA-based cover layers with thicknesses of 0.5–1.0 m can maintain hydrogeochemical stability over a 10-year period, whereas untreated PAF dumps remain acidic. Overall, the findings demonstrate that FABA operates through coupled geochemical and geotechnical mechanisms that suppress pyrite oxidation and reduce water and oxygen fluxes. In addition, FABA reuse supports circular-economy principles by transforming industrial residues into a cost-effective, scalable, and environmentally beneficial material for AMD mitigation.
Acid Mine Drainage (Acid Mine Drainage (AMD); Fly Ash; Bottom Ash; Potentially Acid Forming Materials; Sustainable Remediation
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Nurrul Kahfi, Abubakar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Resistive Leakage Current on The Reliability of Lighting Arrester in PLN UPT Bogor Area
The biggest cause of transmission disruptions in the Bogor Technical Implementation Unit (UPT) working area is natural disturbances caused by lightning. Lightning arresters (LA) are substation equipment that function as safety devices for installations from overvoltage disturbances caused by lightning strikes (lightning surges) and switching surges. LA are installed to cut off surge voltages by diverting surge currents to the ground. Given the critical role of LA, corrective maintenance is necessary to ensure their reliability. The test commonly performed is the measurement of resistive leakage current in the LA. The purpose is to determine the condition of the LA, whether it is still in good condition or not. Factors that affect the results of leakage current measurements are the position of the field probe, fluctuations in the arrester voltage level, and the influence of ambient temperature and humidity. The LA in the UPT Bogor system currently uses arresters with technology that utilises gapless Metal Oxide blocks, better known as MOSA (Metal Oxide Surge Arrester) type. This thesis discusses the impact of damage based on the analysis of Resistive Leakage Current Measurements of MOSA Type Lightning Arresters.
Copyright (c) 2025 Alfiansyah Hasibuan Hasibuan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Budget Reallocation on Project Handover Acceleration and Asset Growth at PT PLN (Persero) Unit Induk Pembangunan Jawa Bagian Barat
This paper proposes a budget reallocation mechanism to accelerate the Project Handover Process (Serah Terima Proyek/STP) at PLN UIP JBB. The mechanism is implemented to resolve delays in handing over completed infrastructure projects to the relevant operational units (UIT, UID, or UIP2B Jamali). The study describes the implementation process and evaluates its impact on asset recognition. Prior to the mechanism’s adoption (2019–2022), only 49 projects were handed over. After its application in 2023, the number increased to 101 projects, indicating an improvement of around 100%. The approach also contributed to a Rp 9 trillion increase in recognized assets and raised the conversion rate of Projects Under Construction (PDP) into assets to 667.84%. These results confirm that budget reallocation can significantly accelerate project handovers and improve asset management performance in the electricity infrastructure sector.
project handover, asset recognition, budget reallocation mechanism, pdp, electricity infrastructure
Copyright (c) 2026 muhammad pinandhito https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Energy Justice and GEDSI: Bridging policy and equitable energy access in residential areas for inclusive electric vehicles development in Indonesia
Indonesia’s rapid electric vehicle (EV) expansion, driven by national targets and growing private adoption, has intensified the urgency for equitable and inclusive charging infrastructure in residential areas. While Home Charging Service (HCS) installations have increased substantially, access remains uneven, particularly for residents of multi-unit dwellings (MUDs) who face structural, regulatory, and financial barriers to installing private chargers. Current regulations—spanning electricity, transportation, spatial planning, and building codes—operate in silos, resulting in fragmented implementation and limited guidance for residential charging provision. This paper examines these challenges through regulatory analysis, stakeholder interviews, and focus group discussions with key actors across government, PLN, developers, and civil society. Findings reveal four persistent barriers: regulatory misalignment, management and operational constraints at the property level, limited infrastructure readiness, and electrical-system constraints, all of which disproportionately affect low-income households, women, the elderly, persons with disabilities, and other vulnerable groups. Drawing from global best practices, particularly California’s equity-centered Communities in Charge program, the study presents a framework for harmonizing multisectoral regulations and embedding GEDSI principles in the planning and deployment of residential charging. The paper recommends defining private installation standards, improving data integration, mandating EV-ready building codes, designing equitable financing mechanisms, and establishing a clear roadmap for residential charging. Ensuring equitable access to home and residential EV charging is essential not only for accelerating Indonesia’s EV ecosystem but also for advancing energy justice and creating a socially inclusive clean-mobility transition.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hendy Ginanjar Sasmito https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Integrated Diagnostic and Health-Index Evaluation System for Control Valves Using Weighted Scoring and Dynamic-Response Analysis
Control valves are essential components in steam power generation, ensuring process stability, operational efficiency, and equipment reliability. In many industrial facilities, calibration is still performed manually using separate instruments, resulting in inconsistent measurements, slower diagnostic interpretation, and limited historical traceability. This study develops an integrated system that automates calibration assistance and diagnostic evaluation through a standardized assessment framework. The system applies a scoring-matrix method to quantify key performance indicators, including command–feedback deviation, dead time, stroke duration, overshoot, terminal response integrity, fluid leakage, and abnormal acoustic behavior. Real-time data are visualized through a human–machine interface and stored in a centralized database for web-based historical analysis. A weighted-average algorithm is used to compute a comprehensive Health Index that supports automatic diagnostics and the generation of technical recommendations. Implementation in a steam power plant demonstrates improved consistency across calibration cycles, higher accuracy in condition assessment, and reduced calibration time compared to manual procedures. Web-based access to historical records further enhances traceability and enables more objective, data-driven maintenance decisions. The proposed system strengthens calibration reliability and supports structured diagnostic practices in industrial energy environments.
Copyright (c) 2025 Erdy Faidullah Hasan, Budi Setiawan, A Rizkya Budi Siswanda https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Process Gap Analysis and ESG Risk Prioritization Using the Best-Worst Method: Development of an APQC-Based Internal Audit Readiness Model in the Power Generation Utility Sectorness Model in the Power Generation Utility Sector
The rapid demand for Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) reporting in the energy sector is putting increasing pressure on power generation companies to strengthen governance, improve the reliability of non-financial data, and ensure readiness for sustainability assurance. However, the complexity of operational processes and fragmentation of internal controls mean that ESG risks cannot be effectively identified through traditional audit approaches. This study developed the APQC–BWM Integrated Process-Based ESG Audit Priority Model, which combines the APQC Process Classification Framework, performance risk analysis (EBITDA and EAF), and the Best–Worst Method (BWM) to determine objective and measurable audit priorities. Two critical processes, Operate Power Generation and Manage Costs and Investments, were identified based on their contribution to strategic KPIs and their exposure to ESG risks. A panel of experts conducted a comparative assessment using BWM to generate strategic weights for each risk criterion. The results show that governance risks, particularly weaknesses in internal control design, are the dominant factors affecting EBITDA, while process and technology complexity are the main drivers of operational risks impact EAF. Integrating strategic weights with actual performance scores produces an Audit Priority Index (API) to more material risk-based audits. This study offers a novel application of BWM in mapping ESG risks at the process level, as well as an audit readiness model that combines APQC and ESG principles. Practically, this model provides a replicable tool to help internal auditors focus resources on high-risk areas and improve the reliability of ESG reporting in the power generation utility sector.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Zemmy Isnugroho, Rianti Budi Setiyowati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Optimization of GEPP Power Output through Enhancement of the CNG Supply System: A Case Study at Bangkanai Power Plant
Enhancing efficiency and operational flexibility in gas engine power plants is essential to support Indonesia’s ongoing energy transition. This study aims to optimize electricity production at the Bangkanai Gas Engine Power Plant (GEPP) by increasing the supply capacity of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG). A regression model is developed to predict the relationship between natural gas consumption (BBTUD) and power output (kWh), followed by residual normality testing, data transformation, and model accuracy evaluation using MAPE and R². A simulation is then conducted to examine the impact of increasing the gas supply from 20 BBTUD to 30 BBTUD through the utilization of the existing CNG Plant (5.2 MMSCF) and the relocation of an additional 5.1 MMSCF CNG facility. Operational scenarios are evaluated using the AHP–TOPSIS method based on seven criteria: fuel cost of generation, SFC-Gas, SFC-Diesel, capacity factor (CF), supply capability during base load and peak load, and total daily energy production. The results show that the scenario with a 30 BBTUD gas supply and an additional 5.1 MMSCF CNG unit achieves the highest preference score of 0.6356, increasing the CF from 29.51% to 43.87%, daily energy output from 2,235.84 MWh to 3,367.10 MWh, and peak load supply capability from 175.45 MW to 228.40 MW. This research provides valuable insights to support technical decision-making and strategic planning for CNG-based power generation systems in Indonesia
Copyright (c) 2026 Samuel Pabontong https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Hybrid Renewable Energy System Optimization Using Oscillating Water Column Technology for an Island Microgrid
Hybrid renewable energy systems offer a viable pathway for improving the sustainability and reliability of isolated island microgrids. This research presents a techno-economic optimization of a Solar–Wind–Wave hybrid system incorporating Oscillating Water Column (OWC) technology for the Nusa Penida microgrid. Using HOMER Pro, three operational scenarios were formulated to assess system performance under varying renewable penetration and storage capacities. The optimized fully renewable scenario achieves the lowest LCOE at 0.191 USD/kWh, outperforming the existing diesel-based system at 0.485 USD/kWh. OWC integration contributes 154.03 MWh/year of stable energy, effectively mitigating intermittency associated with solar and wind resources. Battery storage limitations significantly elevate excess generation, unmet load probability, and capacity shortage events. Furthermore, distributed deployment of PV and storage assets reduces feeder losses by more than 50%. The study underscores the critical role of marine energy and optimal storage sizing in enabling high-renewable microgrid configurations
Copyright (c) 2026 Beny Hidayat, Kevin Marojahan Banjar Nahor, Nanang Hariyanto https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Techno-Economic Optimization of PV-BESS Peaker to Replace Thermal Plants: A Case Study of the Madura PV-BESS Project, Indonesia
An important challenge for the energy transition will be a triple challenge in island nations—between decarbonization, supply security, and cost affordability. We investigate the techno-economic viability of 75 MWp Solar Photovoltaic (PV) System integrated with 50 MW/250 MWh Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) in Madura. It is known that the electrical subsystem in the region is at the most significant risk due to the current power failure, which in N-1 contingency events resulted in a power deficit of 177 MW and a significant risk of full power outages. Based on different optimization schemes and waterfall sensitivity analysis, the current project has determined the impact of six scenarios on Levelized Tariff (ABEF components) outcomes. According to simulation results, while base case scenario results in a prohibitive tariff of 23.47 cUSD/kWh, the introduction of more strategic measures, particularly revenue stacking through off-peak energy sales, green financing (4% soft loan), local content exemption, and regulatory incentives, can considerably reduce the tariff by 31.52% to 16.07 cUSD/kWh. Specifically, this optimized tariff provides 28.85% lower fuel costs compared to the average pricing of fuel cost of current thermal peaker power plant owned by PLN Indonesia Power (22.59 cUSD/kWh) and is 46.38% lower compared to diesel and gas engines fuel cost in Indonesia (29.98 cUSD/kWh). These findings shows that utility-scale PV-BESS functions not only as a "Defender" asset for grid frequency and voltage stability but also as a financial hedge against fossil fuel price volatility, offering a strategic roadmap for policymakers in emerging markets.
Copyright (c) 2025 Imam Tri Sulistyo, Hikmah Susetyo, Mohamad Subkhi Priono https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Corporate Communication Strategy in Energy Governance: A Framing Analysis of PLN's Transparency Approach in the CEMS Data Dispute
The global energy transition has transformed the corporate communication landscape, elevating environmental transparency from mere regulatory compliance to a strategic imperative. This study examines the strategic communication dimensions of corporate transparency within the context of Indonesia's energy transition, focusing on PLN's handling of the Continuous Emission Monitoring System (CEMS) data dispute. Using a qualitative case study method and framing analysis, this research analyzes the communication strategies applied by PLN in the Central Information Commission Decision Number 155/XI/KIP-PSI-A-M-A/2023. The findings reveal that PLN employs a multidimensional communication approach combining regulatory compliance framing, risk communication narratives, and stakeholder-specific messaging. The company's internal regulations (Board Regulation No. 0004.P/DIR/2024 and Implementation Regulation No. 0005.SPO/DIR/2025) serve not only as legal instruments but also as strategic communication frameworks enabling message consistency. The study identifies three main communication frames: "National Security" emphasizing critical infrastructure protection, "Competitive Sustainability" balancing environmental and business interests, and "Verified Accountability" offering a middle path of transparency. This study concludes that effective energy governance communication requires an alignment of frames between corporate interests and public expectations, with internal regulations acting as a communication infrastructure providing legitimacy and strategic consistency.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dhana Adhipratama https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Coal Switching-Induced Boiler Overheating Prevention through Integrated CFD Fireball Analysis and Coal Velocity Balancing
Coal switching to 100% Low-Rank Coal (LRC) in pulverized coal-fired power plants often induces combustion instability and increases the risk of localized superheater overheating due to uneven coal–air distribution. Differences in coal pipe velocities can lead to fireball displacement and non-uniform heat release inside the furnace. This study proposes an integrated preventive approach combining Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)-based fireball analysis and Coal Velocity Balancing (CVB) to improve combustion stability and mitigate overheating during full LRC operation. A full-scale case study was conducted at a 300 MW Rembang CFPP operating full-load LRC firing. CFD simulations were initially performed to identify fireball displacement and temperature non-uniformity. Based on the simulation results, mechanical orifice adjustments were applied to pulverizers A, B, and D to restore coal velocity uniformity across burner pipes. The combined numerical and field measurement results show a significant reduction in coal flow maldistribution, improved flame symmetry, and lower as well as more uniform outlet flue gas temperatures. These improvements indicate reduced thermal stress on critical boiler components, particularly the superheater. In addition, a slight reduction in coal consumption was achieved without compromising boiler load, indicating improved combustion efficiency. This study confirms that the integration of CFD-based fireball diagnostics and on-site coal velocity balancing provides a practical and cost-effective preventive strategy for mitigating boiler overheating during coal switching to low-rank fuel.
Copyright (c) 2025 AE Putra https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of Boiler Tube Failure at Outlet Header of Low Temperature Superheater
This study investigates the failure of a 12Cr1MoVG boiler tube in the Low Temperature Superheater (LTSH) header outlet of a Steam Power Plant (PLTU) in East Java. The tube, which had been in service for approximately 88,000 hours, developed a leak in the confined dead zone area. Initial visual inspection revealed significant bulging and deformation at the failure site, accompanied by a measurable decrease in material hardness to below 130 Vickers (HV), indicating substantial microstructural degradation. A comprehensive Root Cause Failure Analysis (RCFA) methodology was employed to diagnose the failure mechanism. This involved detailed metallographic examination, hardness profiling, and dimensional analysis. The investigation identified two critical contributing factors: the formation of an excessively thick (220 microns) steam-side oxide scale on the tube's inner diameter, and the presence of a compromised baffle plate within the dead zone enclosure. The synergistic effect of these factors was determined to be the root cause. The internal scale acted as a thermal insulator, elevating the tube metal temperature, while the baffle plate leak allowed the ingress of higher-temperature flue gases, creating a localized over-temperature environment. This combination led to long-term overheating, resulting in creep-induced bulging, accelerated microstructural softening, and eventual rupture. To prevent recurrence, corrective and preventative actions are recommended, including the immediate repair of the dead zone baffle plate to restore proper insulation, stringent control of boiler feedwater chemistry to minimize scale formation, a feasibility study for upgrading to a superior material grade with higher creep strength, and the establishment of a periodic non-destructive testing regimen focusing on hardness measurements and visual inspections in high-risk areas.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rio Santoso https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Plant Performance with Addition of Pulverizer to Support Grid Reliability under Declined Coal Quality: A Case Study at Lontar CFSPP
To address increasing electricity demand and the challenges of declining coal quality, Unit 1 of Lontar Coal Fired Steam Power Plant (CFSPP) implemented a five-pulverizer operation, deviating from the standard four-pulverizer configuration. This study evaluates the operational and performance impacts of this approach under low rank coal (LRC) conditions by analyzing key indicators such as load output, specific fuel consumption, auxiliary power consumption, unburned carbon, emissions, and Net Plant Heat Rate (NPHR). Results show that five-pulverizer operation improved load stability and increased gross and net generation by 3.9-6.3% achieving a daily peak of 6.7 GWh. However, it also raised auxiliary power usage by approximately 2.6 MW, worsened NPHR to 3373 kcal/kWh or 19% above the PLN Pusertif baseline, and increased Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC) by 4-18%. Combustion completeness declined, as indicated by higher unburned carbon by 69% in bottom ash and 14% in fly ash. Despite these drawbacks, SO₂ maximum is 501 mg/m³ and NO₂ maximum is 360 mg/m³ emissions remained well below regulatory limits 550 mg/m³. The findings suggests that full-pulverizer operation can serve as an effective short-term reliability strategy during low quality conditions but requires further optimization to balance efficiency, reliability, and environmental compliance.
Copyright (c) 2026 agung rahardian https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Optimizing CAPEX and OPEX through Predictive AI Strategies Aligned with ISO 55010 for Improved Maintenance Cost Accuracy
Ensuring accurate maintenance budgeting is a critical requirement for sustaining operational reliability in coal-fired power plants, particularly in facilities operating under strict fiscal constraints. At the Palabuhanratu Coal-Fired Power Plant (CFPP), the main challenge addressed in this study is the persistent maintenance budget deviation of up to 30%, driven by reliance on reactive planning and the absence of predictive cost estimation tools. This misalignment between financial planning and asset performance has resulted in inefficient resource allocation, cost overruns, and unplanned downtime. To overcome this, the study aims to develop and implement a predictive artificial intelligence (AI)-driven cost management system, aligned with ISO 55010 principles, optimizing capital expenditure (CAPEX) and operational expenditure (OPEX) allocation while improving maintenance cost accuracy. The methodology integrates multivariate regression modelling and reliability analysis using Python, trained on three years of historical operational data from Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) and Computerized Maintenance Management System (CMMS) platforms. The system is deployed via an interactive Looker Studio dashboard that enables real-time monitoring and cross-functional alignment between finance and engineering. Implementation results show a reduction in maintenance costs from USD 144,000 to USD 41,867, a decrease in MWh loss from 72.7 GWh to 43.1 GWh, and total annual savings of USD 2.19 million. The findings demonstrate that predictive AI, when integrated with ISO 55010-based asset management, can significantly enhance cost efficiency, operational reliability, and budgetary precision. This approach not only addresses critical challenges in maintenance cost management but also provides a replicable framework for other power plants, supporting broader adoption of data-driven asset optimization practices in the energy industry.
Copyright (c) 2025 Bobby Prayogo, S.T., M.IST., IPM, Aditya Mahardhika, Qolis Fandra Irawan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Transmission Disturbances Cause Classification using COMTRADE Data Feature Extraction and Deep Neural Network Based on “Attention”
This research presents a power system disturbance classification approach using a Deep Neural Network (DNN) architecture with an “attention” mechanism to analyze waveform data in COMTRADE format. The developed system classifies four types of transmission line disturbances, STRANGE OBJECTS (other objects), ANIMALS (animal disturbances), LIGHTNING and VEGETATION (trees/vegetation). The dataset consists of 849 successfully processed samples from 947 COMTRADE files, resulting in a processing success rate of 86.80%. The research methodology involves comprehensive feature extraction from time-series signals, generating 19,226 initial features, which were subsequently reduced to 150 optimal features through a multi-method feature selection process. The model architecture employs a transformer-inspired deep neural network with residual connections, layer normalization and tiered dropout to enhance generalization. The training process utilizes a combination of Focal Loss and Cross-Entropy to address class imbalance, alongside data augmentation and Test-time Augmentation (TTA) techniques to improve robustness. The model achieved its best performance with a balanced accuracy of 92.44% on validation data and 92.44% on test data, a Cohen’s Kappa of 0.8946, and a Matthews Correlation Coefficient (MCC) of 0.8963. The results indicate that the non-TTA approach with a separator provides the most optimal performance for deployment purposes. Class-specific performance was as follows: VEGETATION achieved the highest F1-score (0.974), followed by ANIMALS (0.914), STRANGE OBJECTS (0.911), and LIGHTNING (0.894). These findings suggest that the proposed model has the potential to support faster, more accurate, and more consistent disturbance cause diagnosis, thereby contributing to the enhanced reliability of the transmission system.
Disturbance Classification; COMTRADE; Deep Neutral Network; Attention Mechanism; Power System Protection; Time Series Classification
Copyright (c) 2025 Alang Zhorif Zubair, Ilham Rahutama https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Mangrove Cultivation Method in Rembang Powerplant as an ABCDE Solution
PT PLN Nusantara UP Rembang is a powerplant produces Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions, seeking to increase the amount of CO2 absorbtion by increasing the Open Green Space Area. GeHa Apung (Green House Float) is an anti-failure method of mangrove cultivation that is specifically made in the sea by utilizing the tides of seawater so that water needs are met and seeds are more adaptive. The roof of GeHa Apung uses a top cover that is placed in the middle zone because the paranet regulates the level of sunlight so as to reduce pest attacks and protect the seedlings from garbage. The GeHa Apung foundation uses rigid and hollow tetrapod by utilizing fly ash and bottom ash waste. The frame uses wood and bamboo waste so that it is safe from waves. With the innovation of GeHa apung, the planting success rate produced is 60-80%. GeHa Apung has succeeded in cultivating mangrove seedlings with a planting success rate of 77.9%, reducing the level of coastal abrasion at the Rembang coal-fired power plant by 1 cm from 2022 to 2023, increasing the biodiversity index (H’) from 1,66 (in 2022) to 1.68 (in 2023), mangrove carbon stock/blue carbon by 2,308. 31 ton of CO2, mangrove growth rate of about 7 cm within 5 years can be known to have carbon absorption in 2033 of 2.66% of total coal-fired power plant emissions Rembang in 2023, increasing green Open Space Area in the Rembang PLTU Area through mangrove afforestation by 1.1%, successfully absorbing CO2 of 623.44 tons of CO2 or 0.015% of the GHG emissions generation of PLTU Rembang in 2023 and supporting the acquisition of Gold PROPER points for PT PLN Nusantara Power UP Rembang in terms of biodiversity by 1.54% and contribution to NZE Moonshot or Growth Moonshot.
Copyright (c) 2025 uslah hidayati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Study on the Effectiveness of On-Grid Solar Power Plant (PLTS) and Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) Implementation at Pauh Limo
While UBP Ombilin entered commercial operation, the unused land at Pauh Limo offers strategic potential to advance Indonesia’s Net Zero Emission (NZE) 2060 roadmap through solar deployment. This study proposes an on-grid Solar PV–Battery Energy Storage System integration to reduce peak-hour reliance on the gas turbine, cut emissions, and increase the renewable share in the generation mix. The methodology combines Helioscope-based PV layout and energy-yield simulations, Peak Sun Hours (PSH) resource assessment, and analytical BESS sizing. Within approximately 12,000 m² of available land, simulations indicate a feasible PV capacity of 1.1 MWp with a DC/AC ratio of 1.2 and inverter rating of 900 kW AC. Based on typical tropical irradiance (~4 PSH/day), a BESS capacity of 5 MWh is selected to store daytime production for evening peak dispatch, thereby curbing PLTG operating hours. The total capital expenditure is estimated at IDR 33.08 billion, with annual depreciation of IDR 6.616 billion, and O&M costs assumed. Operational readiness is supported by a daily schedule encompassing inspections, peak-hour charging, and pre-discharge checks. The proposed PLTS–BESS is technically and economically aligned with national decarbonization objectives while enhancing system reliability. Financially, the project is feasible as a substitute for PLTG operation due to the high cost of fuel-based power generation.
Copyright (c) 2026 A E Anggatara, Faris, Yovi Leonardo Davinci https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Thermal Performance and Energy Efficiency Analysis of a Natural Gas Boiler Under Variable Load Conditions
This study analyzes the thermal and economic performance of a natural gas-fired boiler system operating at loads ranging from 30% to 100%. Key parameters include energy input and output, thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption (SFC), and the contribution of the economizer to energy and cost savings. Results show that thermal efficiency increases with load, peaking at 51.97% at 90% capacity before slightly declining at full load. SFC decreases from 0.1931 MJ/kg steam at 30% load to 0.1295 MJ/kg steam at 90%, indicating better fuel utilization. The total operating cost rises from USD 23.00/h at 30% load to USD 37.80/h at 100%, with the most economical performance observed at 90% load (USD 34.96/h). The economizer also plays a consistent role in reducing fuel-related costs, with savings potential increasing from USD 11.04/h at 30% load to USD 16.24/h at full load. These findings indicate that operating the boiler within the 80%–90% load range offers an optimal balance between thermal efficiency and economic performance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dedy Novindra https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Transforming Indonesia’s Electricity Utility through Energy and Carbon Platforms
Digital transformation in the electricity sector is driving a fundamental shift in global utility business models, moving from conventional energy-sales-based approaches toward digital energy services and platform-oriented ecosystems. This transition is accelerated by the expansion of renewable energy, advancements in Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, the growing demand for energy consumption analytics, and increasing global pressure to decarbonize. In Indonesia, PT PLN (Persero) continues to rely on a traditional business model centered on electricity sales per kWh, which has been effective in supporting national electrification but is beginning to show limitations amid stagnant consumption growth, the rise of electric mobility, and customer’ increasing expectations for smarter and more integrated energy services. In contrast, Singapore Power (SP Group) has successfully developed an Energy Marketplace and a Carbon Services Platform that offer solar rooftop installation, smart home devices, electric vehicle (EV) charging services, energy consumption analytics, and carbon footprint monitoring and offset trading. The success of SP Group demonstrates that platform-based models can enhance customer engagement while unlocking non-tariff revenue streams for utilities. This study evaluates the potential application of similar models within PLN through a Systematic Literature Review, international benchmarking, gap analysis, and the Suitability-Feasibility-Acceptability (SFA) framework. The findings indicate that energy and carbon platform models have strong potential to support revenue diversification, enhance PLN’s digital service quality, strengthen its positioning as an energy service orchestrator, and accelerate Indonesia’s national energy transition objectives.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dhanny Irawan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Advancing Indonesia's Energy Transition: a Preliminary Study on the Coal-to-Nuclear (C2N) Conversion Approach
Indonesia aims to achieve Net Zero Emissions (NZE) by 2060 through a gradual energy transition. The strategy focuses on emphasizing reduced fossil fuel reliance, renewable energy expansion, and nuclear power integration as a long-term sustainable option. One potential approach driving this transition is Coal-to-nuclear (C2N) conversion, which substitutes coal combustion systems in Coal-fired power plants (CFPP) with Small modular reactor (SMR) while retaining existing steam turbines and generators. This study assessed the feasibility of C2N conversion by evaluating PLN Nusantara Power's (PLNNP) CFPP units based on technical and operational criteria. The assessment used analysis of CFPP with a net electricity capacity above 200 MWe and a maximum effective age of 15 years or less as the key reference point. Additional factors considered included the compatibility of nuclear reactor technology with plant capacity and operational parameters, as well as plant reliability, Capacity factor (CF), and system peak load. Evaluating site feasibility involves assessing risks such as natural disasters, seismic and volcanic activity, and peak ground acceleration. Urban density and Emergency planning zone (EPZ) are also considered to assess potential safety challenges and infrastructure adaptability. A weighted scoring system, incorporating data from authoritative bodies, was applied to rank and categorize the most feasible CFPP units for conversion. The results indicate that certain PLNNP CFPP meet the technical and strategic requirements for C2N conversion. This study provides a structured framework for repurposing CFPP, supporting Indonesia's nuclear energy development, and facilitating the transition to a low-carbon energy future.
Copyright (c) 2026 irfan eko budiyanto https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Stoichiometric-Based Fan Flow Optimization Using PI System to Improve Boiler Efficiency and Ensure Reliable Control of Complete Combustion
Efficient combustion air control is essential to maintain optimal performance in coal-fired power plants. However, the reliance on flue gas oxygen (O₂) sensors is often hindered by frequent sensor failures, contamination, and calibration drift. This study proposes a sensor-independent method utilizing real-time stoichiometric airflow recommendations derived from coal ultimate analysis and predefined excess air targets. The method was implemented using the PI System (PI AF and PI Datalink) to generate dynamic airflow setpoints for operators. Field validation was conducted at PLTU Muara Jawa, a 2×27.5 MW circulating fluidized bed (CFB) power plant, under 14 MW and 20 MW load conditions. Performance metrics included residual O₂, CO concentration, excess air, total airflow, fuel flow, flue gas temperature, boiler efficiency, and auxiliary power. Results demonstrated reductions in O₂ (up to 0.86%), CO (up to 7.5%), and excess air (7%), along with a 0.43% improvement in boiler efficiency. The strategy also achieved annual savings of 644 tons of coal and 156,000 kWh of auxiliary power. Based on the plant’s typical annual output of 300,000,000 MWh and a coal cost of USD 40/ton, the total estimated economic benefit reaches approximately USD 46,040. This approach offers a reliable, cost-effective solution for combustion optimization.
Copyright (c) 2026 permadi suryoatmojo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Turbine Blade Adjustment For Performance Recovery
The issue of sudden vibration disturbance occurred at the Power Plant during full load operation. An investigation was conducted by reviewing the trends in the Distributed Control System and performing a startup trial using vibration monitoring equipment. Based on the analysis, the vibration was identified to be caused by rotor unbalance. However, during the balancing process, it was found that a 1300-gram balance weight was required. With a mass weight like that, it is not possible to continue the balancing process, therefore, a deeper investigation was undertaken by opening the upper casing to determine the root cause of the issue. Upon opening the upper casing, a broken turbine blade was found at stage #5 on the generator side. As there were no spare blades available at the Dieng Geothermal Power Plant, a corrective action was required. It was decided to cut the turbine blade at stage #5 using a plasma cutting method. With this method, the highest vibration level observed remained below the maximum allowable standard. Considering that the procurement of a new blade would take approximately one year, the blades cutting for turbine vibration recovery as a solution to expedite the repair process to approximately less than 2 months. This approach allows the power plant to continue supplying electricity to meet public demand and enables the company to maintain economic gains, rather than facing a total shutdown while waiting for the new blades.
Copyright (c) 2025 Komang Muliana Pranatha https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Optimizing Grati Landbase PLTS Production by Increasing the Albedo Value of Bifacial Solar Panels
PLTGU Grati is developing PLTS Landbase with a bifacial solar panel module with a capacity of 1.5 MWp. Currently, solar energy absorption is not yet optimal so production capacity has not been reached. Therefore, this research aims to optimize the production of PLTS landbase Grati by increasing the albedo value of bifacial solar panels. This research began with a literature study, field survey, PVsyst simulation of the relationship between albedo values ​​and PLTS production and calculating the actual percentage increase in PLTS production. Based on the PVsyst simulation results, the relationship between albedo and kWh output of bifacial solar panels is that the higher the albedo value, the greater the output value of bifacial solar panels. An albedo of 0.08 produces 227779 kWh/year of energy and an albedo of 0.6 produces 228284 kWh/year of energy. Furthermore, the actual results of laying white coral stone under the bifacial solar panel module resulted in a 3.8% increase in production at inverter 1, from the previous production of 210984.9 kWh to 219008.3 kWh for 1 year. This increase in production occurred due to the provision of white coral reflectivity under the bifacial solar panel module so that the absorption of solar energy is more optimal.
Copyright (c) 2026 Didik Purwanto Purwanto https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0