Journal of Technology and Policy in Energy and Electric Power
The Journal of Technology and Policy in Energy and Electric Power is the first journal established by PT PLN (Persero) - Research and Development Center for Electricity as a platform for publishing scientific works by internal and external researchers and academics of PT PLN (Persero). To facilitate the processes of submission, manuscript editing, peer review, publication, and journal certification, a dedicated platform is essential. One widely used journal management platform is the Open Journal System (OJS). OJS is an open-source, web-based application designed for managing journals online and has been utilized by numerous national and international journals to enhance user convenience. Papers should be written in Indonesian or English with topics including power generation, transmission, distribution, primary energy, new energy, renewable energy, management, and business. All papers published in the "Journal of Technology and Policy in Energy and Electric Power" are selected through a double-blind review process by the editorial board. Authors are given the opportunity to revise or improve their papers according to the review results. The Journal of Technology and Policy in Energy and Electric Power is published twice times a year in June & December. Our publication will contribute towards new exploration of knowledge and state-of-the-art technology for scholars and industrial professionals in these fields. The journal registered in the CrossRef with Digital Object Identifier (DOI) prefix: 10.33322
PT. PLN (Persero) Pusat Penelitan dan Pengembangan Ketenagallistrikan (Research Institute)
Economic and Socio-Environmental Benefits of Utilizing Existing Reservoirs for Brownfield Pumped Storage Development in Indonesia
Pumped storage hydropower (PSH) is a critical technology for supporting renewable energy integration and long-duration energy storage. In Indonesia, where numerous multipurpose reservoirs already exist, brownfield PSH—developed by reusing an existing lower reservoir—offers a promising alternative to conventional greenfield construction. This study evaluates the economic and socio-environmental benefits of brownfield PSH using the Upper Cisokan Pumped Storage (UCPS) project as a representative reference case. A two-stage methodology is applied, consisting of a global literature review and a quantitative economic assessment based on engineering and cost data from the UCPS Project Appraisal Document. The analysis demonstrates that brownfield PSH significantly reduces new land disturbance, environmental impacts, and social disruption by eliminating the need for a new lower reservoir. Using the Height × Area method to allocate dam construction costs, the avoided lower-dam civil works amount to US$90.14 million. Reuse of an existing reservoir also reduces land acquisition and resettlement requirements, yielding an additional saving of US$56.9 million. Furthermore, removing the lower-dam construction shortens the critical-path schedule by 18 months, resulting in US$33.36 million in avoided indirect EPC costs and US$8.98 million in reduced interest during construction. In total, brownfield development provides an estimated economic benefit of US$189.38 million, equivalent to approximately 25% of total project cost. Beyond economic gains, brownfield PSH yields substantial socio-environmental advantages, including reduced habitat loss, fewer resettlement pressures, lower permitting risk, and minimal riverine impacts due to closed-loop configurations. These findings highlight the strong potential of reservoir-based brownfield PSH as a sustainable and cost-effective pathway for advancing Indonesia’s energy-storage infrastructure.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rechman Sinurat https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Improving the Interpretation of Electricity Access in Indonesia Through the Multi-Tier Framework Access Index
Indonesia’s national electrification ratio has long relied on a binary classification—whether or not a household is connected to an electricity source. While this metric is valuable for monitoring progress in expanding grid coverage, it does not fully reflect the quality and usability of electricity services delivered to communities. Important aspects such as reliability, power capacity, affordability, and the adequacy of electricity for household, productivity, and community activities remain unaccounted for. To complement this traditional indicator, this study applies the Multi-Tier Framework (MTF) developed by ESMAP–World Bank as an enhanced assessment tool. Rather than replacing the Electrification Ratio, the MTF provides additional layers of insight by evaluating seven dimensions of household electricity access, along with extended attributes for productive uses and community infrastructure. Field assessments were carried out in various on-grid and off-grid areas across Indonesia, including locations utilizing SuperSUN systems and villages supplied through the national grid. Findings reveal that although all surveyed locations are officially classified as “electrified,” their actual service levels differ substantially—especially in power capacity, affordability, and reliability. These variations demonstrate the value of integrating MTF-based analysis alongside the national electrification ratio to generate a more holistic, quality-focused understanding of energy access. Furthermore, the MTF framework offers a structured approach for identifying areas requiring improvement, enabling PLN and other stakeholders to design interventions that are more targeted, equitable, and aligned with the real experiences of communities across Indonesia.
electricity access, electrification ratio, Multi-Tier Framework (MTF), energy quality, affordability, power capacity, reliability, household energy access, productive uses, community infrastructure, Indonesia, SuperSUN, on-grid electrification, off-grid systems, energy assessment
Copyright (c) 2026 Luddie Wied Hardono, Jonathan Martin Marojahan Limbong, Surya Ibrahim Irsyam https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Web-Based Smart Real-Time Motor Control Center (MCC) Monitoring and Analytics System for Early Detection of Motor Anomalies in Muara Karang Power Plant
This study proposes a comprehensive web-based real-time monitoring and analytics framework for 380V Motor Control Center (MCC) assets at PLTGU Block 1 Muara Karang, addressing the challenge of early identification of motor performance degradation under variable operational conditions. The system integrates a multi-layer architecture comprising sensor-level data acquisition, a real-time processing pipeline, and an analytics layer incorporating statistical modelling, multivariate trend assessment, and anomaly scoring algorithms. An Early Warning System (EWS) is implemented using hybrid rule-based and data-driven thresholds, enabling automated detection of abnormal operating patterns. A historical knowledge engine supports Work Planning and Control (WPC) by modeling temporal degradation signatures, enabling structured diagnostic interpretation and follow-up maintenance actions. The framework further incorporates an event-streaming notification mechanism through Telegram API for low-latency dissemination of contextualized alerts. Validation under field operation demonstrates successful detection of early-stage faults, including a bearing defect in motor 88BT GT1.2 identified before crossing critical failure limits. These interventions prevented unit trips and reduced risk of cascading failures. Experimental results indicate improvements in detection accuracy, diagnostic efficiency, and operational reliability. The proposed framework exhibits strong scalability potential for fleet-wide deployment across PLN’s induction motor systems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jasmine Aulia, ST, Ir. Prisma Riashuda Prakosa, ST https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Technical Evaluation of Fly Ash and Bottom Ash (FABA) Utilization for Acid Mine Drainage Mitigation in Coal Mining Operations
Acid mine drainage (AMD) continues to represent a long-term, technically complex environmental risk in coal mining operations, especially where waste streams are dominated by sulfide-rich, Potentially Acid Forming (PAF) materials. This study critically evaluates fly ash and bottom ash (FABA), a widely available by-product of coal-fired power plants, as an integrated geochemical–geotechnical amendment for AMD control. A multi-tier analytical approach is applied, combining static geochemical characterization, extended kinetic leaching tests, and decadal-scale hydrogeochemical modeling to capture both short-term reactivity and long-term system behavior. The results show that the relatively high CaO content in FABA (18–25%) generates persistent alkalinity via Ca(OH)₂ dissolution, enabling rapid neutralization of acidic leachates and promoting the precipitation of Fe, Mn, and Al as thermodynamically stable hydroxide phases. Incorporating 20–30% FABA into PAF material produced near-neutral pH conditions within 10–20 weeks and yielded more than 80% reductions in dissolved metal concentrations. Hydrogeochemical simulations further indicate that FABA-based cover layers with thicknesses of 0.5–1.0 m can maintain hydrogeochemical stability over a 10-year period, whereas untreated PAF dumps remain acidic. Overall, the findings demonstrate that FABA operates through coupled geochemical and geotechnical mechanisms that suppress pyrite oxidation and reduce water and oxygen fluxes. In addition, FABA reuse supports circular-economy principles by transforming industrial residues into a cost-effective, scalable, and environmentally beneficial material for AMD mitigation.
Acid Mine Drainage (Acid Mine Drainage (AMD); Fly Ash; Bottom Ash; Potentially Acid Forming Materials; Sustainable Remediation
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Nurrul Kahfi, Abubakar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Resistive Leakage Current on The Reliability of Lighting Arrester in PLN UPT Bogor Area
The biggest cause of transmission disruptions in the Bogor Technical Implementation Unit (UPT) working area is natural disturbances caused by lightning. Lightning arresters (LA) are substation equipment that function as safety devices for installations from overvoltage disturbances caused by lightning strikes (lightning surges) and switching surges. LA are installed to cut off surge voltages by diverting surge currents to the ground. Given the critical role of LA, corrective maintenance is necessary to ensure their reliability. The test commonly performed is the measurement of resistive leakage current in the LA. The purpose is to determine the condition of the LA, whether it is still in good condition or not. Factors that affect the results of leakage current measurements are the position of the field probe, fluctuations in the arrester voltage level, and the influence of ambient temperature and humidity. The LA in the UPT Bogor system currently uses arresters with technology that utilises gapless Metal Oxide blocks, better known as MOSA (Metal Oxide Surge Arrester) type. This thesis discusses the impact of damage based on the analysis of Resistive Leakage Current Measurements of MOSA Type Lightning Arresters.
Copyright (c) 2026 Alfiansyah Hasibuan Hasibuan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Energy Justice and GEDSI: Bridging policy and equitable energy access in residential areas for inclusive electric vehicles development in Indonesia
Indonesia’s rapid electric vehicle (EV) expansion, driven by national targets and growing private adoption, has intensified the urgency for equitable and inclusive charging infrastructure in residential areas. While Home Charging Service (HCS) installations have increased substantially, access remains uneven, particularly for residents of multi-unit dwellings (MUDs) who face structural, regulatory, and financial barriers to installing private chargers. Current regulations—spanning electricity, transportation, spatial planning, and building codes—operate in silos, resulting in fragmented implementation and limited guidance for residential charging provision. This paper examines these challenges through regulatory analysis, stakeholder interviews, and focus group discussions with key actors across government, PLN, developers, and civil society. Findings reveal four persistent barriers: regulatory misalignment, management and operational constraints at the property level, limited infrastructure readiness, and electrical-system constraints, all of which disproportionately affect low-income households, women, the elderly, persons with disabilities, and other vulnerable groups. Drawing from global best practices, particularly California’s equity-centered Communities in Charge program, the study presents a framework for harmonizing multisectoral regulations and embedding GEDSI principles in the planning and deployment of residential charging. The paper recommends defining private installation standards, improving data integration, mandating EV-ready building codes, designing equitable financing mechanisms, and establishing a clear roadmap for residential charging. Ensuring equitable access to home and residential EV charging is essential not only for accelerating Indonesia’s EV ecosystem but also for advancing energy justice and creating a socially inclusive clean-mobility transition.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hendy Ginanjar Sasmito https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Techno-Economic Optimization of PV-BESS Peaker to Replace Thermal Plants: A Case Study of the Madura PV-BESS Project, Indonesia
An important challenge for the energy transition will be a triple challenge in island nations—between decarbonization, supply security, and cost affordability. We investigate the techno-economic viability of 75 MWp Solar Photovoltaic (PV) System integrated with 50 MW/250 MWh Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) in Madura. It is known that the electrical subsystem in the region is at the most significant risk due to the current power failure, which in N-1 contingency events resulted in a power deficit of 177 MW and a significant risk of full power outages. Based on different optimization schemes and waterfall sensitivity analysis, the current project has determined the impact of six scenarios on Levelized Tariff (ABEF components) outcomes. According to simulation results, while base case scenario results in a prohibitive tariff of 23.47 cUSD/kWh, the introduction of more strategic measures, particularly revenue stacking through off-peak energy sales, green financing (4% soft loan), local content exemption, and regulatory incentives, can considerably reduce the tariff by 31.52% to 16.07 cUSD/kWh. Specifically, this optimized tariff provides 28.85% lower fuel costs compared to the average pricing of fuel cost of current thermal peaker power plant owned by PLN Indonesia Power (22.59 cUSD/kWh) and is 46.38% lower compared to diesel and gas engines fuel cost in Indonesia (29.98 cUSD/kWh). These findings shows that utility-scale PV-BESS functions not only as a "Defender" asset for grid frequency and voltage stability but also as a financial hedge against fossil fuel price volatility, offering a strategic roadmap for policymakers in emerging markets.
Copyright (c) 2026 Imam Tri Sulistyo, Hikmah Susetyo, Mohamad Subkhi Priono https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Coal Switching-Induced Boiler Overheating Prevention through Integrated CFD Fireball Analysis and Coal Velocity Balancing
Coal switching to 100% Low-Rank Coal (LRC) in pulverized coal-fired power plants often induces combustion instability and increases the risk of localized superheater overheating due to uneven coal–air distribution. Differences in coal pipe velocities can lead to fireball displacement and non-uniform heat release inside the furnace. This study proposes an integrated preventive approach combining Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)-based fireball analysis and Coal Velocity Balancing (CVB) to improve combustion stability and mitigate overheating during full LRC operation. A full-scale case study was conducted at a 300 MW Rembang CFPP operating full-load LRC firing. CFD simulations were initially performed to identify fireball displacement and temperature non-uniformity. Based on the simulation results, mechanical orifice adjustments were applied to pulverizers A, B, and D to restore coal velocity uniformity across burner pipes. The combined numerical and field measurement results show a significant reduction in coal flow maldistribution, improved flame symmetry, and lower as well as more uniform outlet flue gas temperatures. These improvements indicate reduced thermal stress on critical boiler components, particularly the superheater. In addition, a slight reduction in coal consumption was achieved without compromising boiler load, indicating improved combustion efficiency. This study confirms that the integration of CFD-based fireball diagnostics and on-site coal velocity balancing provides a practical and cost-effective preventive strategy for mitigating boiler overheating during coal switching to low-rank fuel.
Copyright (c) 2026 AE Putra https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Optimizing CAPEX and OPEX through Predictive AI Strategies Aligned with ISO 55010 for Improved Maintenance Cost Accuracy
Ensuring accurate maintenance budgeting is a critical requirement for sustaining operational reliability in coal-fired power plants, particularly in facilities operating under strict fiscal constraints. At the Palabuhanratu Coal-Fired Power Plant (CFPP), the main challenge addressed in this study is the persistent maintenance budget deviation of up to 30%, driven by reliance on reactive planning and the absence of predictive cost estimation tools. This misalignment between financial planning and asset performance has resulted in inefficient resource allocation, cost overruns, and unplanned downtime. To overcome this, the study aims to develop and implement a predictive artificial intelligence (AI)-driven cost management system, aligned with ISO 55010 principles, optimizing capital expenditure (CAPEX) and operational expenditure (OPEX) allocation while improving maintenance cost accuracy. The methodology integrates multivariate regression modelling and reliability analysis using Python, trained on three years of historical operational data from Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) and Computerized Maintenance Management System (CMMS) platforms. The system is deployed via an interactive Looker Studio dashboard that enables real-time monitoring and cross-functional alignment between finance and engineering. Implementation results show a reduction in maintenance costs from USD 144,000 to USD 41,867, a decrease in MWh loss from 72.7 GWh to 43.1 GWh, and total annual savings of USD 2.19 million. The findings demonstrate that predictive AI, when integrated with ISO 55010-based asset management, can significantly enhance cost efficiency, operational reliability, and budgetary precision. This approach not only addresses critical challenges in maintenance cost management but also provides a replicable framework for other power plants, supporting broader adoption of data-driven asset optimization practices in the energy industry.
Copyright (c) 2026 Bobby Prayogo, S.T., M.IST., IPM, Aditya Mahardhika, Qolis Fandra Irawan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Transmission Disturbances Cause Classification using COMTRADE Data Feature Extraction and Deep Neural Network Based on “Attention”
This research presents a power system disturbance classification approach using a Deep Neural Network (DNN) architecture with an “attention” mechanism to analyze waveform data in COMTRADE format. The developed system classifies four types of transmission line disturbances, STRANGE OBJECTS (other objects), ANIMALS (animal disturbances), LIGHTNING and VEGETATION (trees/vegetation). The dataset consists of 849 successfully processed samples from 947 COMTRADE files, resulting in a processing success rate of 86.80%. The research methodology involves comprehensive feature extraction from time-series signals, generating 19,226 initial features, which were subsequently reduced to 150 optimal features through a multi-method feature selection process. The model architecture employs a transformer-inspired deep neural network with residual connections, layer normalization and tiered dropout to enhance generalization. The training process utilizes a combination of Focal Loss and Cross-Entropy to address class imbalance, alongside data augmentation and Test-time Augmentation (TTA) techniques to improve robustness. The model achieved its best performance with a balanced accuracy of 92.44% on validation data and 92.44% on test data, a Cohen’s Kappa of 0.8946, and a Matthews Correlation Coefficient (MCC) of 0.8963. The results indicate that the non-TTA approach with a separator provides the most optimal performance for deployment purposes. Class-specific performance was as follows: VEGETATION achieved the highest F1-score (0.974), followed by ANIMALS (0.914), STRANGE OBJECTS (0.911), and LIGHTNING (0.894). These findings suggest that the proposed model has the potential to support faster, more accurate, and more consistent disturbance cause diagnosis, thereby contributing to the enhanced reliability of the transmission system.
Disturbance Classification; COMTRADE; Deep Neutral Network; Attention Mechanism; Power System Protection; Time Series Classification
Copyright (c) 2026 Ilham Rahutama https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Mangrove Cultivation Method in Rembang Powerplant as an ABCDE Solution
PT PLN Nusantara UP Rembang is a powerplant produces Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions, seeking to increase the amount of CO2 absorbtion by increasing the Open Green Space Area. GeHa Apung (Green House Float) is an anti-failure method of mangrove cultivation that is specifically made in the sea by utilizing the tides of seawater so that water needs are met and seeds are more adaptive. The roof of GeHa Apung uses a top cover that is placed in the middle zone because the paranet regulates the level of sunlight so as to reduce pest attacks and protect the seedlings from garbage. The GeHa Apung foundation uses rigid and hollow tetrapod by utilizing fly ash and bottom ash waste. The frame uses wood and bamboo waste so that it is safe from waves. With the innovation of GeHa apung, the planting success rate produced is 60-80%. GeHa Apung has succeeded in cultivating mangrove seedlings with a planting success rate of 77.9%, reducing the level of coastal abrasion at the Rembang coal-fired power plant by 1 cm from 2022 to 2023, increasing the biodiversity index (H’) from 1,66 (in 2022) to 1.68 (in 2023), mangrove carbon stock/blue carbon by 2,308. 31 ton of CO2, mangrove growth rate of about 7 cm within 5 years can be known to have carbon absorption in 2033 of 2.66% of total coal-fired power plant emissions Rembang in 2023, increasing green Open Space Area in the Rembang PLTU Area through mangrove afforestation by 1.1%, successfully absorbing CO2 of 623.44 tons of CO2 or 0.015% of the GHG emissions generation of PLTU Rembang in 2023 and supporting the acquisition of Gold PROPER points for PT PLN Nusantara Power UP Rembang in terms of biodiversity by 1.54% and contribution to NZE Moonshot or Growth Moonshot.
Copyright (c) 2026 uslah hidayati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Turbine Blade Adjustment For Performance Recovery
The issue of sudden vibration disturbance occurred at the Power Plant during full load operation. An investigation was conducted by reviewing the trends in the Distributed Control System and performing a startup trial using vibration monitoring equipment. Based on the analysis, the vibration was identified to be caused by rotor unbalance. However, during the balancing process, it was found that a 1300-gram balance weight was required. With a mass weight like that, it is not possible to continue the balancing process, therefore, a deeper investigation was undertaken by opening the upper casing to determine the root cause of the issue. Upon opening the upper casing, a broken turbine blade was found at stage #5 on the generator side. As there were no spare blades available at the Dieng Geothermal Power Plant, a corrective action was required. It was decided to cut the turbine blade at stage #5 using a plasma cutting method. With this method, the highest vibration level observed remained below the maximum allowable standard. Considering that the procurement of a new blade would take approximately one year, the blades cutting for turbine vibration recovery as a solution to expedite the repair process to approximately less than 2 months. This approach allows the power plant to continue supplying electricity to meet public demand and enables the company to maintain economic gains, rather than facing a total shutdown while waiting for the new blades.
Copyright (c) 2026 Komang Muliana Pranatha https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Advancing Indonesia’s Net Zero Goals Through Sustainable Biomass Supplier Selection: Insights from Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis
Indonesia has experienced a significant increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions over the past two decades, primarily driven by rising fossil fuel consumption for electricity generation. In response, the state-owned electricity company PT PLN (Persero) has committed to achieving Net Zero Emissions (NZE) by 2060, with biomass co-firing in coal-fired steam power plants (PLTUs) serving as a key transitional strategy. A 2018 study revealed that Indonesia's biomass potential stands at 857 GJ per year, while a 2021 study from the PJB Technology Unit estimated that Java alone possesses a biomass potential of 9.2 GW, mainly derived from agricultural products. Despite this potential, a significant challenge lies in selecting reliable and sustainable biomass suppliers, particularly for sawdust, a readily available agricultural byproduct. Although various decision-making models have been proposed for supplier evaluation in renewable energy contexts, there remains a lack of structured, stakeholder-informed approaches tailored to Indonesia’s biomass co-firing initiatives. This study aims to identify and rank the criteria used in choosing sawdust biomass suppliers through the Analytical Hierarchy Process method. Data was gathered through literature reviews, stakeholder interviews, and surveys to assess the criteria. The study identified nine criteria with the following weights: Quality (0.250); Sustainability (0.219); Location (0.159); Price (0.136); Warranty Period (0.063); Delivery Time (0.051); Social (0.044); Flexibility (0.0384); and Service (0.0382). By systematically evaluating supplier selection factors using AHP, this study offers a decision-making framework to guide PT PLN and other stakeholders in designing more robust and sustainable biomass procurement strategies. The findings contribute to the growing knowledge on renewable energy supply chain optimization and support Indonesia’s long-term decarbonization goals.
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Technology and Policy in Energy and Electric Power https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Comparative Analysis of Carbon Pricing Schemes on The Cost of Reducing Carbon Emissions In The Java, Madura, and Bali Regional Power Generation Sector
This study conducts a comparative analysis of carbon pricing schemes on reducing carbon emissions in the electricity sector in Java, Madura and Bali (Jamali). The method used is a quantitative simulation of the cost of reducing carbon emissions in the Jamali generation system for three carbon price scenarios: Emission Trading System (ETS), Cap and Tax (CT), and abatement cost (AC). The results show that with a carbon pricing scheme for emission reduction as much as the cost of carbon pricing requires, regardless of the technology, every increase in carbon tax by 1 USD/ton CO2 results in an increase in electricity prices. In contrast, the cost of emission reduction analysis shows that in the initial phase of tariff implementation, the carbon mitigation cost for the carbon tax scheme is around USD 45 million and USD 137 million for the emissions trading scheme (ETS), to reduce emissions by approximately 22 million tons of CO₂. However, this value increases significantly by the end of the policy period, with estimates reaching USD 6 billion per ton of CO₂ for the carbon tax scheme and USD 4 billion per ton of CO₂ in the ETS framework, to achieve the emission reduction target of 48 million tons of CO₂. Meanwhile, the NZE and NZE-CAP scenarios reduce emissions intensity to 0.844 tons of CO₂ per MWh and 0.781 tons of CO₂ per MWh, respectively, with abatement costs of USD 67/ton CO₂ and USD 70/ton CO₂.
Technical Analysis of the Impact of High Solar PV Penetration on the Stability of Bali's Power System
The increasing penetration of solar power plants as an alternative clean energy source is an important element in the energy transition process towards Net Zero Emission (NZE). Bali, as a province with high electrical load growth and commitment to green energy development, thus this study aims to assess the impact of high solar PV penetration on the grid system stability of the electrical system operating at 150 kV voltage. The impact analysis was conducted using Digsilent software with high solar PV penetration baseline scenario in 2025 compared to the NZE scenario in 2060. The research includes power flow analysis, short circuit and transient analysis to evaluate the system response to generation fluctuations and systemic disturbances. The results show that a 12% penetration of solar PV leads to an increase in bus voltage, but the value is still within the tolerance limits stipulated in the national grid code. However, in the NZE scenario, a 30.4% increase in solar PV penetration reduces system inertia, which in turn amplifies frequency oscillations and makes the power system more susceptible to major disturbances such as the Jamali submarine cable failure potentially leading to greater instability during such events. This study recommends mitigation strategies by increasing the capacity of the energy storage system and strengthening the interconnection system by improving of the Java-Bali submarine cable line to ensure stability and reliability of the grid system in the future.
Photovoltaic Voltage Ramp down Optimization on Hybrid Generation System
Hybrid generation system which consist of photovoltaic and diesel engine generator can be hard to control because of the nature of photovoltaic which very depends on the weather condition and the intensity of sun radiation. The power which the photovoltaic source generates can be goes up and down rapidly and drastically depends on the weather. As a hybrid generation, the diesel engine generator should be able to compensate it before the entire system failed and blacked out. In this paper we tried to find the best combination for certain photovoltaic source, diesel engine generator control system and certain type of load. For simulation purpose we will use ETAP software and Homer software. This software was chosen because they are already widely used and proven in electrical industries.
hybrid generation, photovoltaic, diesel engine
The Effect of Biomass & Coal Co-firing on The Flue Gas Temperature Profile in a 350 MW Class Pulverized Coal-Fired Power Plant
Direct biomass co-firing within pulverized coal-fired power plants involves the integration of biomass into the existing coal consumption process, enabling utilization by the power plant’s established equipment. Typically, biomass co-firing accounts for up to 5% of the total coal consumption. This paper examines the impact of co-firing fractions on the flue gas temperature, specifically focusing on the regenerative air preheater hot side outlet temperature. Among the various operational parameters requiring compliance with acceptable limits, maintaining the flue gas temperature above the sulfur dew point is critical to prevent sulfur dioxide condensation. Such condensation risks corrosion of the flue gas duct and other downstream components. Empirical studies reveal a linear reduction in flue gas temperature as power plant load decreases, with the temperature eventually reaching the sulfur dew point threshold. This study further explores the influence of biomass co-firing fractions on the part-load temperature profile of flue gas, demonstrating an additional decline in temperature with the inclusion of biomass in the combustion process. Findings indicate that through modest adjustments in operational management and logic control systems, sustainable operation of the flue gas pathway can be maintained. These modifications ensure operational flexibility remains close to the original design specifications. Additionally, an economic assessment of the fuel mixture comprising coal, biomass, and fuel oil across the operational range of the power plant is essential. Optimization of the fuel mix is required to identify the optimal operating range for coal-fired power plants (CFPPs) while simultaneously minimizing fuel costs.
Auxiliary kWh Efficiency of Substations Using Renewable Energy Potency in East Kalimantan Province
PT PLN (Persero) as the Indonesian state electricity supply company must carry out an energy transition in terms of generation, transmission and distribution. Substations in Indone- sia’s electric power transmission sector have not yet incorporated the idea of green energy into their operations, despite the fact that there is a great deal of potential for green energy in substations, such as the usage of solar and wind energy. The primary power source for the auxiliary substation is energy form the grid, with diesel power serving as a backup. However, the energy mix in the Kalimantan grid is still dominated by energy from coal (based on the Laporan Evaluasi Operasi Tahunan PLN UIP3B 2023). This research investigates the technical and economic viability of utilizing renewable energy in auxiliary substations to mitigate the company’s escalating financial burden. Technically, the study aims to determine the optimal PV panel capacity required for auxiliary power needs. Economically, it evaluates the total investment and operational costs, Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Return on Investment (ROI), payback periods, and Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE). Unique to this study is the direct measurement of kWh consumption data from 23 substations in East and North Kalimantan, a method not previously employed. The findings provide recommendations on the appropriate PV capacity for installation in substations and present economic analysis.
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Technology and Policy in Energy and Electric Power https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Integration of Renewable Energy and Battery Storage Systems for Electrification of Gili Raja Island with a Techno-Economic Approach
Gili Raja Island is part of the small island clusters in Sumenep Regency. According to data from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS), 409 out of 2,133 households on this island still lack access to electricity. This study aims to determine the capacity requirements for power plant, to achieve Net Zero Emission (NZE). Using the HOMER Pro software, this study estimates the required generation capacity to meet the demand of Gili Raja Island, amounting to 1,917 MWh per year. The study results indicate that the lowest Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) is achieved with a scenario combining wind turbines, diesel generator, and solar PV with NMC batteries, yielding a value of 0.189 $/kWh. To achieve NZE, based on HOMER optimization, the lowest LCOE for a fully clean energy portfolio is achieved with a combination of solar PV and lithium-ion batteries, with an LCOE of 0.246 $/kWh. This cost is 28% higher than the cheapest portfolio that includes diesel generator, but it can prevent 106,095 kgCO2 emissions annually from power plant operations. Choosing the right funding option is a crucial part of this study, with results showing that internal funding from PT PLN (Persero) offers the best scheme.
The Effect of Inlet Water Intake Temperature on the Thermal Efficiency of Timor 1 Coal-Fired Power Plant (2x50 MW)
In a thermal power plant, evaluating the performance of plant can be seen from the thermal efficiency value. Thermal efficiency is the percentage of heat energy entering the system that is actually converted into electrical energy. One way to increase the thermal efficiency of the plant is to reduce the temperature of the cooling water at the water intake inlet. From the research results, a graph shows the relationship between the increase in inlet water intake temperature from 30℃ - 33℃ to the condenser heat transfer rate, condenser pressure, and thermal efficiency of power plant. From the results of the calculations carried out, it was found that an increase in the inlet water intake temperature of PLTU Timor 1 (2x50 MW) from 30℃-33C, caused a decrease in the heat transfer rate in the condenser from 81,875 kJ/s – 81,873kJ/s, causing an increase in condenser pressure from 0, 0744 bar – 0.0872 bar and causes a decrease in thermal efficiency from 43.62% – 43.23%. So it can be said that the higher inlet water intake temperature, the lower the thermal efficiency of power plant. Lowering thermal efficiency from 43.62% – 43.23% will cause an increase in Levelized Generating Cost Value (LGCV) from IDR 1,284/kWh – 1,302/kWh. If LGCV multiplied by the annual kWh production, every 1℃ increase in water intake inlet temperature will increase production costs by 5 billion rupiah per year.
thermal efficiency, water intake, cooling temperature, condenser pressure
Implementation of Modified MPPT P&O in Off-Grid Rooftop Solar Power Systems (A Case Study: PT. Hydratech Smart Indonesia Building)
PT Hydrateh Smart Indonesia is a company that has implemented rooftop solar PV technology to meet the needs of electric power in the commercial office sector on a small scale. The use of rooftop solar PV is carried out to reduce the load from PLN and to find out how much profit in terms of power efficiency has been generated in the use of rooftop solar PV. As with other renewable energy technologies, the challenge faced by rooftop solar power plants is the fluctuation of the sun, in this case its irradiation, which has an important role in the process of extracting optimal output power. Rapid changes in irradiation affect the utilization of solar energy into electrical energy. This research designs an optimal rooftop solar power plant from the PT Hydratech Smart Indonesia building as a representative of the use of rooftop solar power plants with a capacity of 3600 W equipped with maximum power point tracking (MPPT) to increase the output power value. Of the several MPPT algorithms that have been used, the perturb and observe (P&O) algorithm is the most popular due to its easy implementation and economical price. However, the drawback of this algorithm is the efficiency of its performance which is still fairly low so it is necessary to modify the step size value. The results showed that using the conventional P&O algorithm, MPPT was able to achieve an efficiency of 81.19% and the modified P&O algorithm of 89.06%.
PV rooftop, Maximum Power Point Tracking, Perturb and Observe, Step Size
Contingency Analysis of the Kendari Electrical System: A Case Study of IBT II 250 MVA
The transmission system for electrical power must operate reliably and continuously; however, disruptions often affect the reliability and stability of the system. Equipment failures during operation can have adverse effects on the power distribution system. The Kendari Subsystem, connected through IBT at the Wotu Main Substation, plays a crucial role as the backbone in the Sulselrabar electrical system with high risks due to the operation of only one IBT unit, namely IBT II with a capacity of 250 MVA, while IBT I has a different capacity. This subsystem significantly influences the distribution of electrical energy from various generators, especially the Poso Hydroelectric Power Plant. This research employs power flow simulation to analyze contingencies in the Kendari Subsystem of the 150 kV electrical system, focusing on IBT-II 275/150 kV with a capacity of 250 MVA. The research findings reveal frequency fluctuations in contingency situations that subsequently recover continuously. Almost all bus voltages experience increases above the permissible limits, and adjustments to load and VAR generator settings are made according to established load procedures. These findings can serve as a reference for enhancing the operation of the power system under similar conditions.
Contingency Analysis, IBT, System Reliability
Analysis of Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) Technology in Diesel Displacement: A Case Study of Off-Grid Areas
This research aims to identify renewable energy solutions for the off-grid power system in Mentawai Regency, which currently relies heavily on diesel power plants (PLTD). As a world-renowned tourist destination with significant renewable energy potential, Mentawai Regency requires an adequate and sustainable electricity supply to support regional development and the tourism sector. This study analyzes several energy system configurations using combinations of solar photovoltaic (PV), wind power (PLTB), and Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) featuring NCA, NCM, and LFP battery technologies. Simulation results indicate that a PV-Wind configuration with NCA batteries achieves the lowest Cost of Energy (COE) at 1.291 USD/kWh, with renewable energy penetration reaching 94.8%. Several tested configurations also demonstrate competitiveness against the Mentawai’s electricity generation cost (BPP) of 0.468 USD/kWh. Implementing these renewable energy systems could not only enhance energy resilience and reduce dependence on fossil fuels but also support infrastructure development and the tourism sector. Therefore, transitioning to renewable energy with phased BESS implementation is highly recommended to achieve energy efficiency and sustainability in the Mentawai Islands.
Mentawai, Renewable Energy, BESS, Cost of Energy (COE)
Study on the Application of Ammonia Co-firing in Existing 600 MW Subcritical Coal-Fired Power Plants in Indonesia: Investigation of Combustion Equipment.
PLN, Indonesia's only electricity provider company, still relies on coal-fired power plants (CFPP) for most of its electricity needs. The energy transition agenda forces PLN to review existing options so that coal-fired power plants can continue to operate until the end of their useful life. One of the hottest and newest programs in Indonesia is co-firing ammonia. Ammonia, a non-carbon fuel, replaces some coal burned in the boiler. Its application to existing boilers will shift operating patterns, especially on the combustion side. The investigation results said that co-firing ammonia would affect boiler performance, combustion profile, and several operating equipment. Boiler efficiency becomes lower in the presence of ammonia. Based on the combustion simulation results, the combustion temperature can be higher due to the additional heat of the injected fuel to maintain the power plant output. Some equipment, such as fan draft capability, should be re-examined because this application can increase its performance level.
CFPP, Ammonia, Indonesia, CO2, Combustion, Boiler
Study on The Implementation of Overfrequency Generation Shedding (OFGS) In Improving The System Defense Scheme of Sulutgo at The Amurang Power Plant
The North Sulawesi and Gorontalo (Sulutgo) power system comprises three subsystems or islands: Tanggari Island, Amurang Island, and Gorontalo Island. Each island has an imbalanced composition of generation and load. Consequently, if an island operation scheme is implemented, each island will experience either underfrequency or overfrequency issues. Amurang Island hosts the Amurang coal-fired power plant with a capacity of 2x21.5 MW and 2x27 MW, making it one of the largest power plants in Sulutgo. Therefore, if island operation occurs, Amurang Island's frequency will be affected, necessitating the implementation of an Overfrequency Generation Shedding (OFGS) scheme at the Amurang power plant. In the event of island operation, without an OFGS scheme, the frequency of Amurang Island would reach 54.89 Hz, but with the OFGS scheme in place, the frequency would improve to 50.13 Hz..
The Planning Study of 145 MW Grid Connected Cirata’s Floating PV to Support the Security of Supply in Jawa Bali Power Systems
In this paper, a design planning study which includes energy supply projection, and grid impact are used to develop 145 MW AC Floating Photovoltaics (FPV) in Cirata Hydroelectric power plant (HEPP) that would interconnect in Jawa Bali system is presented. Firstly, the evaluation study is conducted to estimate FPV’s energy production by defining parameters on object values to obtain the projection of solar energy production. Based on the calculation, the FPV has provided more than 300 GWh/year of energy production and reached 84% of its performance ratios. Subsequently, the grid interconnection study is performed to ensure the feasibility of this Variable Renewable Energy (VRE). The study also supports both strengthening grid security, and fulfilling the shares from renewable energy, due to the 23 % of national energy mixed. Ensuring the proper interconnection to the system, stability study was also carried out to observe whether the planning of the 145 MW is secure against the intermittency constrain due to its nature characteristic in the system either in 150 kV or 500 kV Transmission Lines (T/L) network. Consequently, the study analysis performed that FPV is ready to be integrated to utility grids, with minimum impact on its power system operation.
Analysis of Abnormal Hotspot Repair on the 500kV South Bandung – Mandirancan Transmission Line T.168 Using the Ohmstick Plus Live-Line Maintenance Method
The transmission system has the role of connecting generation centers with population growth centers. In the operation of the transmission system, it is not free from various disturbances and anomalies that can damage the reliability of the electricity distribution system. Hotspots are temperature abnormalities that occur in equipment that is powered by electric current, generally occurring at the connection point. Hotspots can cause losses because electrical energy is converted into heat energy at the point where the hotspot occurs. Hotspots can also cause equipment damage because they melt due to heat. Repair of hotspots that occur in conductor jumper clamps & link adjusters on SUTET 500KV South Bandung – Mandirancan (BDSLN-MDCAN) T.168 ARAH 167 FASA R. In this case it can be seen that a hotspot has occurred at an abnormal point. The point in question is the link adjuster, where this component functions to connect the yoke with the conductor to obtain the desired saging. The normal condition of the link is that there is no current so hotspots will not appear. OhmStick Plus is an instrumentation tool for measuring current and resistance in a connection directly and at voltage. So it will help describe the sequence of work points and serve to justify normal conditions after repair of the hotspot. The advantage gained when repairing hotspots using the PDKB method is that there is no need to wait for a scheduled power outage, especially when the anomaly status falls into the emergency category.
Implementation of an Integrated Management System: A Review and Case Study on Electric Power Transmission in Indonesia
The best management practice for companies with multiple management systems is to harmonize the different management systems into a single system, usually called an integrated management system. Through a number of case studies, this research examines practical implementation in an attempt to comprehend the emerging phenomenon in integrated management system research. An analysis of relevant research shows that current integrated management system research focuses on the most widely used and influential framework in integrated management systems, consisting of the integration of Quality, Environmental, and Occupational Health and Safety management systems. These frameworks are also confirmed by the findings of this research in Electric Power Transmission Units in Indonesia. The main contribution of this research is to provide valuable insights to researchers and practitioners on the most recent conceptual and practical developments that are occurring in the implementation of integrated management systems as the best management practices.
Comparison of Charging and Usage Efficiency of Portable Fan Batteries Using Grid Electricity and Solar Panels at Different Times
The provision of sufficient energy to meet human needs is severely hampered due to the lack of energy sources. Solar panels as one of the tools to design alternative power plants that can be used to capture sunlight and can be an alternative to energy sources. This research aims to provide a clear picture of the efficiency of using solar panels as an alternative energy source when compared to PLN’s electrical energy source, as well as to identify the fastest time to use solar panels and the most effective time to charge using solar panels. In this study, a comparative experimental method was carried out, namely solar panels placed in the sun with different time conditions, namely in the morning, afternoon, and evening. The time obtained in the three conditions is 5400 s, 14400 s, 16200 s, and the average time of charging using PLN is 7574.6 s. The results obtained by this study include charging portable batteries more effectively on solar panels than on PLN, and maximum charging during the day.
Electricity, solar panel, lithium battery
Techno-Economic Analysis of the Integration of Floating Photovoltaic (FPV) Solar Power Plant and Pumped Hydro Storage (PHS) Hydroelectric Power Plant at Matenggeng
The increasing energy demand in Indonesia caused by population growth and industrialization, has prompted the government to accelerate the transition to renewable energy. The national energy mix target sets 23% contribution of renewable energy by 2025. Solar photovoltaic is considered as one of the potential renewable energy, although it has a fluctuating production nature. The integration of floating solar photovoltaic (FPV) and pumped hydro storage (PHS) is a solution which able to improve the stability of electricity supply. PHS stores excess energy from FPV by pumping water to an upper reservoir and uses it for electricity generation when needed, such as at night or during cloudy weather. This study aims to analyse the technical and economical aspect of the integration of FPV and hydro electric generator with PHS in Matenggeng, West Java. This study evaluates the potential for operational cost savings, increased electricity supply reliability, and reduced carbon emissions compared to fossil fuel power plants. The results show that the integration of FPV and hydro electric generator with PHS in Matenggeng able to reduce the LCOE to $0,08431/kWh, which is lower than the scenario without the integration of PLTS and conventional systems. In addition, this system contributes to reducing carbon emissions by up to 4% per year. Thus, this integration offers a sustainable solution that supports the clean energy transition in Indonesia.