Advancing Indonesia's Energy Transition: a Preliminary Study on the Coal-to-Nuclear (C2N) Conversion Approach

Abstract

Indonesia aims to achieve Net Zero Emissions (NZE) by 2060 through a gradual energy transition. The strategy focuses on emphasizing reduced fossil fuel reliance, renewable energy expansion, and nuclear power integration as a long-term sustainable option. One potential approach driving this transition is Coal-to-nuclear (C2N) conversion, which substitutes coal combustion systems in Coal-fired power plants (CFPP) with Small modular reactor (SMR) while retaining existing steam turbines and generators. This study assessed the feasibility of C2N conversion by evaluating PLN Nusantara Power's (PLNNP) CFPP units based on technical and operational criteria. The assessment used analysis of CFPP with a net electricity capacity above 200 MWe and a maximum effective age of 15 years or less as the key reference point. Additional factors considered included the compatibility of nuclear reactor technology with plant capacity and operational parameters, as well as plant reliability, Capacity factor (CF), and system peak load. Evaluating site feasibility involves assessing risks such as natural disasters, seismic and volcanic activity, and peak ground acceleration. Urban density and Emergency planning zone (EPZ) are also considered to assess potential safety challenges and infrastructure adaptability. A weighted scoring system, incorporating data from authoritative bodies, was applied to rank and categorize the most feasible CFPP units for conversion. The results indicate that certain PLNNP CFPP meet the technical and strategic requirements for C2N conversion. This study provides a structured framework for repurposing CFPP, supporting Indonesia's nuclear energy development, and facilitating the transition to a low-carbon energy future.